DESCRIPTION
Contains chiefly Personal Materials, Diaries, Correspondence, Scrapbooks, Plays, Novels, and Photographs relating to her career as an American playwright, author, and journalist from the 1910s through the 1960s.
Diaries include her travels to Europe and Moscow in the 1930s, and daily activities for selected years spanning 1942 to 1970. Noted correspondents include Louise and Walter Arensberg, Arthur Craven, Maynard Dixon, Helena Modjeska, Robert A. Parker, family and friends, colleagues, employers, and interviewees, including Sarah Bernhardt and Francisco Villa.
Scrapbooks document her private life; college years at University of California, 1901-1906; early acting, writing, and employment in California, Mew York, Europe, and Mexico, 1909-1932; and critical coverage of the productions of her dramatic works from 1918-1949.
Works contain mainly her plays for stage, but also include television versions; novel drafts for Hope for a Harvest, and The Story; and articles and features for newspapers and periodicals.
Photographic materials consist chiefly of formal portraits by studio photographers; images of and by her while on trips or assignments in the United States, Europe and Mexico, including a interview with Francisco Villa in Canutillo; and casual moments with family members and friends.
Also includes a small selection of Papers, 1909-1933, of husband William O'Connell McGeehan, 1879-1933, journalist and author.ACQUISITION
Gift: Estate of Sophie Treadwell and the Treadwell Family, 1994.ACCESS
There are no restrictions on the collection.LANGUAGES
Spanish, German, French, Russian.COPYRIGHT
Request for permission to publish from the collection should be discussed with the Manuscript's Librarian. It is the researcher's responsibility to obtain the necessary publication rights and copyright clearances for any planned publication.RELATED COLLECTIONS
Manuscript Collection 124 Sophie Treadwell Papers, 11 feet.DEACCESSIONS AND TRANSFERS
Printed material: 3 feet of duplicates or supplemental materials. Books transferred to Special Collections:
By Sophie Treadwell: Lusita, 1931; One Fierce Hour and Sweet, 1959.
By William 0. McGeehan: Trouble in the Balkins, 1931.
By others: An Illustrated History of San Joaquin County, California, 1890; Blue and Gold, 1906, 1905.
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
On October 3, 1885, Sophie Anita Treadwell was born in Stockton, California, to Alfred B. Treadwell and Nettie Fairchild. From 1902 to 1906, she attended the University of California, Berkeley, where she participated in the theater arts. After graduation, Treadwell sought work in California as an actress and performer, and assisted Helena Modjeska in writing her Memoirs. She returned to San Francisco and began her newspaper career for the Bulletin. In 1910, she married another journalist, William 0. McGeehan. She traveled to France as a war correspondent, and, by the end of the decade, had moved to New York to work for the Tribune and other periodicals. She went to Mexico in the 1920's to cover the last days of Carranza, and scooped other papers with her interview of Francisco Villa in 1921. In the 1930s, Treadwell traveled extensively. She circled the world in a steamer, and crossed the Atlantic several times to Europe while Machinal played in London, Moscow, and other venues. Lone Valley and Plumes in the Dust reached the New York stages. She published a novel, Lusita, and wrote another, Hope for a Harvest.
In the next two decades, Treadwell continued to produce and revise her materials for publication, and for the emerging media of television. She retired to Tucson in 1965, and brought her final version of Women with Lilies to the stage of The University of Arizona. She died of a stroke on February 20, 1970.
William O'Connell McGeehan was born in San Francisco, California, to Hugh McGeehan and Theresa O'Connell in 1879. He attended Stanford University, and served in the Philippines during the Spanish American War. He worked as a journalist in San Francisco for the Evening Post, Examiner, and Bulletin. Around 1914, he moved to New York and became a noted sports reporter for the New York Journal, The Hearld Tribune, and Herald. He traveled widely, hunted, wrote novels and short stories, and commuted between residences in Connecticut and New York. He died at Sea Island, Georgia, of a heart ailment on
November 29, 1933.ARRANGEMENT
Sophie Treadwell Papers
Personal materials, 1881-1969
Diaries and Trips, 1907-1970
Correspondence, 1884-1970
Scrapbooks, 1901-1949
Plays, ca. 1905-1955
Novels, 1939-1960s
Supplemental Works, 1902-1967
Photographic materials, ca. 1860s-1960s
Supplemental materials, ca. 1915-1950s
Posters
Art Objects
Motion Picture Film
Artifacts
William O'Connell McGeehan Papers
Correspondence and personal materials, 1925-1933
Works, 1900-1930.
INVENTORY
Box 1 Personal Materials
Folder
1 Biographical clippings
2 Legal documents
3 Passports, 1920-1969
4 Autograph book of Nettie Fairchild, 1881-1894
5 Address books
6 Bookplates and blockBoxes 2-3 Diaries and Trips
1 Diary, 1907, 1920, 1931
2 Diary, Moscow trip, May 20 to June 6, 1933
3 Diary, 1936, 1945
4 Diary, November 1942 to August 1943
5 Diary, 1947, 1948
6 Diary, 1949, 1950
7 Diary, 1951, 1954Box 3 Diaries and Trips
1 Diary, December 1954 to May 1955, 1958
2 Diary, 1960, 1961
3 Diary, 1962, 1965
4 Diary, 1966, 1968
5 Diary, 1969, 1970
6 Trip to North Africa and Sicily, 1930
7 Trip to Moscow, 1933
Box 4-6 Correspondence
1-2 Unidentified correspondents:
Al, Aline
Anna and Aerol (Beverly Hills)
Beale, Betty (Conneticut)
Beulah (Hollywood)
Delores C.
Enelina
Evelyn
Helen
Lolly
Marguerite
Marty
Mary
Nil
Norman (Sag Harbor)
Paul
Robert
Scoop (Mill Valley)
Sue
Susan
Sylvia (Newtown)
Terry
Walter
3 Jacques, 1915-1916
4 Llewelyn and Lulu, 1915-1930
5 Agee, William F.
Ames, Winthrop
Antoine, Lore
Arlson, H.L.
6-7 Arensberg, Louise and Walter,1921-1922
Box 4 Correspondence
8 Barry, Griffin
Basquin, Anne
Bernhardt, Sarah
Bernstein, Oscar
Berrocal, Antonio
Boss, Suzanne
Bosworth, Hobart
Bozenta, Chalapowski (see Modjeska)
Bozzano, Lino
Breton, Judith
9 Barney, Esther, 1906-08, 1946-1969
10 Bates, Dan and May, 1952-1953
11 Brenan, Gerald, 1969
12 C?, Connie
Cesana, Luigi
Cook Travel Agency
Crocker, Carlotta S.
13 Caughlin, Jerry, 1945-1966
14 Clark, Sonya T., 1951-1969
15 Connell, Richard, 1930
16 Cope, Harry, 1906-1908
17 Courtney, William B., 1954-1955
18 Craven, Arthur, 1917 includes Maintenant, 1:1 1912, 2:2 1913
19 De Sola, Francisco and Lenore
D'Herbois, Eleanor
Dramatic Workshop and Technical Institute
Duncan, Bessie
Durant, Kenneth
20 Dixon, Maynard, 1916-1920; includes poems, portrait and inscribed copy of
Maynard Dixon: Painter of the West, 1945
21 Edwards, Dorothea
Box 5 Correspondence
1 Fairchild, Anna
Farragut School
Frey, Eugen
2 Feibleman, Peter S., 1958-1959
3 Fries, Lola, 1931-1955
4 Gianolio, Piero
Gill, Becky and Helen Davis
Goeldner, Dolores
Gonet, Marjorie
Gonzalez, Gilberto
Gruner, Anne
Box 5 Correspondence
5 Gay, Gregory, 1952-1956
6 Gregory, Jack, 1905-1909
7 Gregory, Susan Myra, 1906-1936, includes her poetry
8 Handgrave, Lisa
Harris, Harwell Hamilton
Hayden, Terese
Hayes, Marijane
High Class Amusement Enterprises (New York)
Hill, Merle Miller Sherwood
Hillman, Richard Paul
Holmes Line Company
Howard, Mildred
Hutton, Corrine
9 Heunil (?)
10 Hodgkins, Helen, 1968
11 Hofmann, Annie and family, 1935-1970
12 Hood, Dorothy, 1944-1969
13 Jones, Robert Edmond, 1937
14 Kaufman, Agnes
Keen, Victor
King, Dorothy
Klausner, Bertha
Koiransky, H.
Krennwallner, Anna
Krois, Adolf
15 Koiransky, Alesander, 1951-1952
16 La Pena, (?)
Laszlo, Christa
Le Gallienne, Eva
Leginska, Ethel
Lloyd, Margaret
Loeb, Joseph P.
London, Jack and Charmian
Loubeque, Henry
17 Laning, Clair, 1949-1954
18 Loza, Ignacio (Nacho), 1920-1970
19 Machiz, Herbert
McClintic, Guthrie
McCoy, Helen Cooke
McLeish, Alexander
Meissner, Erma
Mexico [Officials and Agencies]
Meyer, Gert
Miller, Esther
Miller, Nellie
Morris, Kate
20 McGeehan, William 0., 1909-1910,1933
21 McReynolds, Isabel, 1905-1907
Box 5 Correspondence
22 Modjeska, Helena and Bozeta Chalapowski, 1908-1909
23 Murchie, Kathe and Guy, 1958-1959
24 Now York American
New York Herald Tribune
New York Public Library
Newberry, Bertha
Norton (?), Louise
25 O'Conner, Richard
O'Connor, Grover
Olds, Elizabeth and Larry
Osborn, Anita
Box 6 Correspondence
1 Parker, Florence Ann
Pegler, Westbrook
Petgen, Dorothea
Pantages Theatre (San Francisco)
2 Parker, Robert Allerton and Jessie, 1921-1969
3 Pelletier, Camille and Gaby, 1953-1969
4 Peroche, Elisa, 1915-1916
5 Ramos, Gerardo
Robbins, Helen
Rodin, Phyllis
Reed, John
Rust (?), Ted
6 Reinhardt, Martha, 1950-1954
7 Rogoway, Marjorie and Alfred, 1955-1956
8 Salisbury, Mrs.
San Francisco. Board of Education
San Francisco Bulletin
San Francisco Call
San Francisco Chronicle
Sanborn, Julia
Saus, H.F.
Schoenberner, Franz
Schotorino, T (?)
Sherner, Jennifer
Skinner, Constance
Stanford, Alfred
Steiner, Otto
9 Sutherland, Luther, 1915-1919, 1950
10 Theatre Guild, Inc. (New York)
Tucson Daily Citizen
11 Treadwell, Alfred B., 1884-1912
Box 6 Correspondence
12 Treadwell, Nettie, 1905-1907
13 U-V
U.S.S.R. Society of Cultural Relations
Vogt (?), Ursula
Vas-Waner, Maria
Von Neumayer, Charles
14 Villa, Francisco, 1921
15 W-Z
Wells, Evelyn
Westerwelt-Folina, Mary Beth
Wheeler, Howard
Whittaker, J.H.E.
Wilder, Mrs.
Williams, Irene and Irma
Wilson, Leon
Zuber, Mrs. Carl H.
Boxes 7-15 Scrapbooks (fuller description follows inventory)
College years, 1901-1906 (Scrapbook number 1)
"Vagabondage," 1906-1909 (Scrapbook number 2)
Box 8 Scrapbooks
"Sophie Treadwell, Her Book," 1909-1914 (Scrapbook number 3)
"An Outcast at the Christian Door," 1914 (Scrapbook number 4)
Mohr Trial, 1916 (Scrapbook number 8)
Box 9 Scrapbooks
"How I got my husband and how I lost him: the story of Jean Traig," 1914-1915
(Scrapbook number 5)Box 10 War correspondent, 1915 (Scrapbook number 6)
Box 11 Mexico, 1920-1932 (Scrapbook number 7)
Box 12 Stage productions, 1918-1936 (Scrapbook number 9)
Box 13 Machinal, 1928-1934 (Scrapbook number 10)
Box 14 Hope for a Harvest, 1941 (Scrapbook number 11)
Box 15 William 0. McGeehan, 1910-1949 (bulk 1924-33) (Scrapbook number 12)
Boxes 16-18 Plays
Plays: One Acts
1 To Him Who Waits, 1917-18 carbon, some revisions
2 La Cachucha, 1918
3 Eye of the Beholder, 1919 originalPlays: Full-Length
4 Tom, Dick and Harriet, 1905?
5 Le Grand Prix, ca. 1906-1907 original
6 Wintering it at Yankee Jim's, ca. 1907-1908 original
7 The Settlement, 1911 original
Box 16 Plays
8 Constance Darrow, 1911
9 Claws, 1918? original
10 Madam Bluff, 1918 original
11 The Answer, 1918 carbon
12 The Limelight, 1919 carbon
13 Poe, 1920 (3 acts, 6 scenes) original
14 Rights, 1921 (2nd version) original
15 By Mrs. Beaton, 1921 carbon
16 Love and Principle, 1941 original
Box 17 Plays
1 Gringo, 1922 original
2 0 Nightingale, 1923 original
3 Many Mansions, 1925
4 You Can't Have Everything, 1925 (1st version) original
5 Lone Valley, 1926 (10th version?) original
6 Machinal, 1928 (1st version? 8 episodes) original
7 Machinal, 1928 (New York/London/Moscow version: 9 episodes)
8 Machinal, 1928 (3 acts, 9 scenes: Little Theatre version)
9 Machinal, 1928 (acting version: 9 episodes)
10 Ladies Leave, 1929 original
11 The Island, 1930 original (Rialto copy)
Box 18 Plays
1 A Million Dollar Gate, 1930 (final version)
2 Andrew Wells' Lady, 1931 (Rialto copy)
3 The Promised Land, 1933 (Rialto copy) original
4 Three, 1936 (version 1a) original
5 Three, 1936 (2nd version) original
6 Hope for a Harvest, 1938 (A.H. version) original
7 Hope for a Harvest, 1942 (French's Library Edition)
8 Highway, 1942 (2 acts) original
9 The Last Border, 1944 (3rd version: mimeograph)
10 Don't Leave Me, late 1940s? (2 acts)
11 Woman with Lilies, 1948 (2 acts)
Box 19 Plays
1 The Gorgeous Innocent, 1950s (television play) carbon
2 Judgement in the Morning, 1952 (2 acts 4 scenes) carbon
3 Judgement in the Morning, 1952 (3 acts: MCA version)
4 A String of Pearls, 1953? (MCA version)
5 The Siren, 1953 carbon
6 Love for a Criminal, 1954 (2 acts 4 scenes) original
7 In Loving Lost, 1955? original
Boxes 19-20 Novels
8-10 Hope for a Harvest, 1939-1940?
Box 20 Novels
1 The Story, 1960s (1st version)
2 The Story, 1960s (2nd version)
3 The Great Name Story, 1960s (3rd version)
Box 20 Supplemental Works
4 College papers and stories, 1902-1906
5 "A break in the levee," 1906
6 "Amateur night," 1907?
7 "The story of muh life," 1908?
8 "Madame Walks Again," 1915 (Sarah Bernhardt interview)
9 "The Holy City," no date
10 Newspaper articles, ca. 1909-1926
11 Fragments
12 Printed materials from Plays, 1918-1967
13 Reviews of Treadwell works, 1904-1967
14 Index cards to play "Lucky Stars"
Boxes 21-23 Photographs
Concerning Sophie Treadwell
1 Infant, young girl, 1886-1905
2 Young woman, 1905-1917
3 Actress in college and Carmel plays, 1904, 1912
4 At Stockton, Old Trees Ranch?, 1910s
5 At Yankee Jim's, California, 1911-1917
6 Auto trip across United States with Esther, 1917
7 Mexico, ca. 1920
8 Paris, New York, ca. 1917-1929
9 With Louise Arensberg, Henri-Pierre Roche, Robert A. Parker, 1918
10 Portraits, by Bachrach, 1925; by Sherril Schell (see also Box 23)
11 At Esther's Ranch, Los Gatos, California, ca. 1929
12 New York, Mexico, and other places, 1930s-1960s
13 Europe, 1930s-1960s
14 Residences and petConcerning William 0. McGeehan
15 William 0. McGeehan, 1910s-1933
16 Fishing, hunting, etc., includes Gene Tunney, 1920s-1930s
17 Burial site, 1933
Box 22 Photographs
Concerning Family and Friends
1 Anna Fairchild (grandmother)
2 William and Anna Fairchild, (2 daguerreotypes), 1860s?
3 Nettie Fairchild (mother; includes 1 tintype), 1870s
4 Alfred B. Treadwell (father)
5 Fairchilds: Hershel (uncle), Josephine Swain (aunt)
6 William Treadwell (son), 1960s
7 Harry Cope, Jack London
8 Ignacio and Nidia Loza
9 Helene Modjeska and Bozeta Chalapowski, 1897, 1908?
10 Robert A. Parker (?); Gaby Pelletier; Luther Sutherland
11 Unidentified Males
12 Miscellaneous
Box 23 Photographs
Portraits (12) of Sophie Treadwell by Sherril Schell
1 Profile, seated with chair
2 Profile, face close-up
3 Profile, black blouse, outdoors
4 Full face, turned over right shoulder, scarf
5 Profile, lace shawl
6 Profile, front partial figure, scarf
7 Profile, flowered blouse
8 Double profile
9 Profile, scarf on left shoulder
10 Full face, partial figure, scarf
11 Full face, geometric blouse
12 Full figure, outdoors
Box 23 Supplemental Materials
13 Poster: "An Unwritten Chapter," Pantages Theater, San Francisco, 1915
[oversize: located in flat files]
14-16 Posters (3): 11 Machinal," Russian productions, 1933
[oversize: located in flat files]
Box 23 Art Objects
17 Drawing: of Treadwell (?) signed Maria Langtree
18 Gouache: woman, city building, signed "R-P" (Robert P. Allerton ?)
19 Gouache: Cacti (attributed to A.L. Searles)
20 Watercolor: "Cafe Brocart," Unidentified Artist
21 Drawing: Arthur Hopkins, by Marcus?, 1933
22 Painting: tin retablo: Virgin of Guadalupe
23 Gouache, pen and ink: "And a Little Child Shall Lead Them,"
San Francisco Bulletin staff to Sophie Treadwell, 1915 [located in flat files]
24-25 Paintings: "The Light Thou Givest Mel" November 11, 1916; "Dawn,"
November 13, 1916, attributed to Maynard Dixon.
26-32 Paintings: unattributed ''B.E.'' series found in Rimrock and Sage covers.
Box 24 Motion picture film
Two seven-inch reels, silent, black and white, ca. early 1930's.
selective synopsis:1 Street scenes and traveling footage of car going down highway in New York City
and Washington D.C.; different journeys by car, one through oil country in Southwest?;
ends with snow skiers going up and down slopes.
2 Sophie Treadwell walking by; poolside with Treadwell in chair; William McGeehan
with car; touring by car in Germany, youth group walks by with flag, country villages,
ferry boat arrival, scenes on board, docking; Treadwell with dogs.
Box 25 Artifacts
1 Luggage
2 Still camera: Zeiss Ikon, and case
3 Motion camera: Siemens, and case
4 Pistol holster, stamped U.S. Army.
William 0. McGeehan Papers
Box 26 Correspondence and Personal Materials
1 Correspondence and condolences, 1925-1933
2 Passport and service medals, 1899-1933Works
3 The Appointment
4 Consuelo's Army
5 The Enchanted Carrot, ca. 1925
6 Hunger
7 The Man Who Wanted the South; The Pain of the World, 1900
8 A Matter of Theology, ca. 1925
9 The Squeeze Play
10 A Two Dollar Bill
11 The Winner's End
12 Titles unknown
13 Articles: from his sports columns, "Down the Line."See also additional McGeehan materials: Correspondence, Box 5, Folder 20
Scrapbook number 12, Box 15
Photographs, Box 21
CONTENTS OF SCRAPBOOKS
Series: Scrapbooks, 1901-1949.
Quanity: 12 scrapbooks; arranged chronologically.
Numbers 1-11 relate to Sophie Treadwell
Number 12 relates to William 0. McGeehan.Description:
Scrapbook 1: covers Treadwell's college years at University of California at Berkeley, 1901-1906. Memorabilia includes dance cards, invitations, programs, letters, photographs, news clippings, grades, and songs, poems, speeches and plays written by the author.
Scrapbook 2: is entitled "Vagabondage," and spans her adventures from 1906-1909 as a teacher at Yankee Jim's, as a governess in Modoc County, California, and also her early days of theater and writing in Los Angeles and San Francisco. Includes photographs, letters, theater playbills, play scripts, and newspaper articles by Treadwell, including her first story published in the
San Francisco Bulletin in 1908. One article covers her theater debut, under the name of Willia Williams, at the Fischer Theater, San Francisco, in 1907.
Scrapbook 3 : covers the years 1909-1914. Titled "Sophie Treadwell Book," it contains photographs, poems, letters, and news articles. It includes her early years with W.O. McGeehan, their wedding announcement in 1910, and typed and handwritten poems apparently written by Treadwell and McGeehan. A play program from The Toad, 1912, in which Treadwell performed in Carmel; various newspaper articles that she wrote for the Bulletin in 1914, and two letters from Jack London and his wife are also present.
Scrapbook 4: contains her first serial for the Bulletin, "An Outcast at the Christian Door," written in October and November 1914. It consists of seventeen installments; the last one, the 18th, appears to be missing. There are also editorials and responses in reaction to the publication of this serial.
Scrapbook 5: is entirely devoted to another serial, "How I got my husband and how I lost him: the story of Jean Traig," published in the Bulletin, November 1914 through early 1915. It consists of fifty-two installments, original photographs that were used in the articles, and press accounts of Jean Traig starring in a play that Treadwell subsequently wrote.
Scrapbook 6: covers the year 1915 when Treadwell was sent to France in April as a war correspondent for the Bulletin, and also for Harper's Weekly. The items include passports, French documents, letters of introduction, postcards, maps, letters, souvenirs and photographs. There are carbon copies of the six articles she sent to the Bulletin in letter format, and a letter from her critical editor unhappy with her writing so far. There is a telegram from Sarah Bernhardt and a typed interview with her, entitled "Madame Walks Again."
Scrapbook 7: contains documents from 1920-1932 when Treadwell went to Mexico as a correspondent from the New York Tribune in 1920 to cover the murder of the Mexican president, Don Venustiano Carranza. There are letters, newspaper articles (some in Spanish) and photographs
including some of Francisco "Pancho" Villa. Includes her exclusive interview with Villa at his ranch, Canutillo, in Durango, Mexico. In 1924, Treadwell wrote a nine-part series on Mexico titled "The Mirage of Mexico" for the Tribune, and this series is included here. Articles concerning her novel about Mexico, Lusita, published in 1931, are also here.
Scrapbook 8: has approximately twenty articles from the New York American about the Mohr murder trial of 1916 that Treadwell covered for the paper. Also contains three other unrelated articles she wrote for this paper.
Scrapbook 9: encompassesher stage productions between 1918-1936, including announcements, programs and reviews from a variety of eastern newspapers for Claws (1918, which she acted in), Gringo (1922, her first Broadway production that she wrote), Lonely Lee (1923, with Helen Hayes), O Nightingale (1925), Ladies Leave (1929), The Island (1929), Better to Marry, Bound, and Wild Honey (all in 1927), Lone Valley (1932), and Plumes in the Dust (1936). Also present are clippings from 1924 when Treadwell sued John Barrymore over a play about Edgar Allen Poe that she believed was based on a version that she had written and given to Barrymore a few years earlier.
Scrapbook 10: concerns the production of Machinal, based on the Ruth Snyder and Judd Grey murder case in 1928. It was staged by Arthur Hopkins with settings by Robert Edmund Jones, and began at the Plymouth theater starring Zita Johann, and an unknown actor named Clark Gable. There are reviews of it in London in 1931 under the title The Life Machine. It was also produced as Mrs. Jones in Moscow in 1934, and there are Russian news clippings.
Scrapbook 11: consists of articles and reviews about her Broadway production of Hope for a Harvest, in 1941. The play was staged. at a number of Eastern cities and the reviews are from a variety of newspapers.
Scrapbook 12: containsclippings and photographs of William 0. McGeehan from the years 1910 to 1949, with the bulk being from 1924 until his death in 1933. There are approximately twenty editorials from his tenure with the Evening Post in San Francisco in 1910. As sports editor at the New York Herald Tribune in 1924, some of his "Down the Line" columns are present. McGeehan also covered the Scopes trial in Dayton, Tennessee, for the Tribune in 1927, and there are a few of these articles. From 1930-1933 he wrote columns of his travels throughout Africa and Europe, and of his attendance at the 1932 Olympic Games at Lake Placid, New York. McGeehan died in 1933 in Georgia, and there are articles and tributes to him from newspapers in America and England. About onequarter of this scrapbook consists of photographs of McGeehan and friends during World War I in uniform, and while hunting, fishing, and camping. Some images include the boxer Gene Tunney.